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C K Unnikrishnan John P George Abhishek Lodh Devesh Kumar Maurya Swapan Mallick E N Rajagopal Saji Mohandas 《Journal of Earth System Science》2016,125(5):935-944
Surface level soil moisture from two gridded datasets over India are evaluated in this study. The first one is the UK Met Office (UKMO) soil moisture analysis produced by a land data assimilation system based on Extended Kalman Filter method (EKF), which make use of satellite observation of Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) soil wetness index as well as the screen level meteorological observations. Second dataset is a satellite soil moisture product, produced by National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) using passive microwave Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 measurements. In-situ observations of soil moisture from India Meteorological Department (IMD) are used for the validation of the gridded soil moisture products. The difference between these datasets over India is minimum in the non-monsoon months and over agricultural regions. It is seen that the NRSC data is slightly drier (0.05%) and UKMO soil moisture analysis is relatively wet during southwest monsoon season. Standard AMSR-2 satellite soil moisture product is used to compare the NRSC and UKMO products. The standard AMSR-2 and UKMO values are closer in monsoon season and AMSR-2 soil moisture is higher than UKMO in all seasons. NRSC and AMSR-2 showed a correlation of 0.83 (significant at 0.01 level). The probability distribution of IMD soil moisture observation peaks at 0.25 m3/m3, NRSC at 0.15 m3/m3, AMSR-2 at 0.25 m3/m3 and UKMO at 0.35 m3/m3 during June–September period. Validation results show UKMO analysis has better correlation with in-situ observations compared to the NRSC and AMSR-2 datasets. The seasonal variation in soil moisture is better represented in UKMO analysis. Underestimation of soil moisture during monsoon season over India in NRSC data suggests the necessity of incorporating the actual vegetation for a better soil moisture retrieval using passive microwave sensors. Both products have good agreement over bare soil, shrubs and grassland compared to needle leaf tree, broad leaf tree and urban land cover types. 相似文献
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Desa E. Maurya P.K. Pereira A. Pascoal A.M. Prabhudesai R.G. Mascarenhas A. Madhan R. Matondkar S.G.P. Navelkar G. Prabhudesai S. Afzulpurkar S. 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》2007,32(2):353-364
This paper provides a study on the development and the use of a small autonomous surface vehicle (ASV) that automatically follows programmed mission transects, while measuring sensor outputs along the tracks. It discusses the mechanical construction of the ASV, the distributed architecture of controller area network (CAN)-based nodes for science and vehicle payloads, high-speed radio-frequency (RF) communications, the performance of the heading autopilot, global positioning system (GPS)-based guidance algorithm, and the mission programming technique. The field trials of the ASV, performed off the coast of Goa, India, are focused on retrieving the 2-D spatial distribution of surface chlorophyll, which is one of the useful parameters in characterizing the nature of calibration-validation (CALVAL) sites for ocean remote sensing needs. A further benefit of ASVs is that they can be built at a low cost and used in monitoring applications of diverse coastal ecosystems. 相似文献
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M. G. Thakkar B. Goyal A. K. Patidar D. M. Maurya L. S. Chamyal 《Journal of Earth System Science》2006,115(2):249-256
Kachchh possesses a fault-controlled first-order topography and several geomorphic features indicative of active tectonics.
Though coseismic neotectonic activity is believed to be the major factor in the evolution of the landscape, detailed documentation
and analysis of vital landscape features like drainage characteristics, bedrock gorges and terraces are lacking. The present
study is a site-specific documentation of gorges developed in the central part of the mainland Kachchh. We analyzed and interpreted
four gorges occurring on either side of Katrol Hill Fault (KHF). The Khari river gorge is endowed with six levels of bedrock
terraces, some of which are studded with large potholes and flutings. Since no active development of potholes is observed
along the rivers in the present day hyper-arid conditions, we infer an obvious linkage of gorges to the humid phases, which
provided high energy runoff for the formation of gorges and distinct bedrock terraces and associated erosional features. Development
of gorges within the miliolites and incision in the fluvial deposits to the south of the KHF indicates that the gorges were
formed during Early Holocene. However, ubiquitous occurrence of gorges along the streams to the south of KHF, the uniformly
N40‡ E trend of the gorges, their close association with transverse faults and the short length of the exceptionally well
developed Khari river gorge in the low-relief rocky plain to the north of KHF suggests an important role of neotectonic movements 相似文献
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We obtain a well behaved class of charge analogues of neutral superdense star model due to Kuchowicz, by using a particular
electric field, which involves a parameter K and vanishes when K=0. The members of this class are seen to satisfy the various physical conditions e.g. c
2
ρ≥3p≥0, dp/dr<0, dρ/dr<0, along with the velocity of sound, dp/c
2
dρ<1 and the adiabatic index ((p+c
2
ρ)/p)(dp/(c
2
dρ))>1, for the interval 0<K<1 with the maximum mass 6.8374M
Θ and the radius 23.4679 km with the central red shift Z
c
=0.75364. In the interval, 0<K≤0.1179, the velocity of sound and the ratio p/c
2
ρ are found monotonically decreasing towards the pressure free interface, which presents a relevant model for massive star
like Neutron star or pulsar with the maximum mass as 4.1474M
Θ and the radius 20.5481 km with the central red shift Z
c
=0.6654. 相似文献
48.
We obtain a new class of charged super-dense star models after prescribing particular forms of the metric potential g
44 and electric intensity. The metric describing the superdense stars joins smoothly with the Reissner-Nordstrom metric at the
pressure free boundary. The interior of the stars possess there energy density, pressure, pressure-density ratio and velocity
of sound to be monotonically decreasing towards the pressure free interface. In view of the surface density 2×1014 g/cm3, the heaviest star occupies a mass 5.6996 M
⊙ with its radius 17.0960 km. The red shift at the centre and boundary are found to be 3.5120 and 1.1268 respectively. In absence
of the charge we are left behind with the regular and well behaved fifth model of Durgapal (J. Phys. A 15:2637, 1982). 相似文献
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In this article we have derived a set of three static spherical symmetric well behaved solutions of Einstein-Maxwell field
equations is obtained for a specific choice of electric field involving a parameter K. The solutions so obtained can be seen as a charge analogue of the neutral solution due to Vlasenko and Pronin. The physical
features of solutions so obtained and that of Vlasenko and Pronin are investigated subject to the reality and the causality
conditions i.e. Pressure, density (greater than pressure), pressure-density ratio and velocity of sound (less than the velocity
of light) are positive and monotonically decreasing and the electric intensity is monotonically increasing in nature away
from the centre. The maximum mass and radius occupied by the neutral solution are 2.1434 M
Θ and 16.7300 km respectively. For the charged solution, overall maximum mass and corresponding radius are found to be 6.8714
M
Θ and 20.6166 km respectively (for K=1.343). 相似文献
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Sreenivasulu Ganugapenta Jayaraju Nadimikeri Sundara Raja Reddy Balam Chinnapolla Lakshmanna Ballari Rajasekhar Madiga Nirmala K Lakshmi Prasad Tella 《国际泥沙研究》2018,33(3):294-302
Sediment from twelve stations was sampled from the Tupilipalem Coast, southeast coast of India, and the presence of a set of heavy metals was established including iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd). The heavy metals were assessed by factor analysis, the results of which showed positive and/or negative correlations among Fe, Mn, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Cd. Factor analysis also indicated that heavy metals in the sediments of the study area have different natural and anthropogenic sources. Similarly, a sediment pollution assessment was done using the Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), Enrichment Factor (EF), and Pollution Load Index (PLI). The Geoaccumulation Index indicated that the surface sediment of the Tupilipalem Coast was extremely contaminated with Fe, Mn, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn. The calculation of enrichment factors showed a significant enrichment with respect to Pb, Zn, and Cd and a moderate enrichment with Cr, Cu, and Ni. The falling trend of average contents’ enrichment factors is Cd> Pb> Zn> Cu> Cr> Ni> Mn> Fe. The PLI values of the Cd show higher (>1) values due to the influence of distinct external sources like agricultural runoff, industrial activities, and other anthropogenic inputs. Ninety two percent of heavy metals under study showed the highest concentrations at station TP-5 where the Buckingham Canal and other agricultural and aquacultural effluents connect with the Bay of Bengal. This location is the second inlet which is periodically closed and it seemed that these parts of the study area are heavily affected by anthropogenic pollution. 相似文献